فلزات سنگین از مناسب ترین شاخص ها برای بررسی آلودگی منابع خاک و آب هستند و به دلیل پایداری درازمدت در محیط زیست می باشند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک کاربری های جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی و مسکونی در آبخیز واز است. سپس با استفاده از نتایج غلظت فلزات کروم، منگنز، آهن، نیکل، مس، روی، آرسنیک، کادمیم، جیوه و سرب و با استفاده از شاخص های عامل آلودگی، درجه آلودگی، درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده، زمین انباشت، شاخص غنی سازی و خطر اکولوژیک کیفیت رسوب در کاربری های مختلف بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربری شهری هم از نظر عامل آلودگی و هم از نظر شاخص تجمع زمینی دارای بیش ترین مقدار است و کاربری های کشاورزی، جنگل و مرتع به ترتیب در رتبه های بعدی قرار دارند. از نظر درجه آلودگی کاربری مرتع آلودگی بسیار کم، کاربری های جنگل و کشاورزی آلودگی متوسط دارند و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی زیاد است. از طرفی شاخص درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده نشان داد که کاربری جنگل، مرتع و کشاورزی دارای آلودگی بسیار کم و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی کم است. در حوزه آبخیز واز کاربری مرتع و تا حد زیادی کاربری جنگل از نظر شاخص های آلودگی دارای مقادیر پایینی بودند اما به دلیل حضور دام در مراتع این منطقه و همچنین توریستی بودن جنگل های این حوضه احتمال آلوده شدن خاک این کاربری ها در آینده وجود دارد. با توجه به اینکه این حوضه یکی از ورودی های دریای خزر در شمال کشور است، بنابراین نیاز است که اقدامات حفاظتی لازم برای منابع آب و خاک در حوضه مورد نظر انجام گردد.

Hydraulic conductivity (K) of unsaturated and saturated soils and the pore size distribution parameter (Gardner a) are important hydraulic parameters for understanding some aspects of unsaturated soil water flow. These parameters vary with time as well as spatial position. For To investigate these changes, field measurements were performed using disc infiltrometer at matric potentials of -15, -10, -6, -4, -3, and 0 cm water were in three times periods from June to August in 2009. The measurements were made in four fields under different land USES as including winter barley, silage single cross corn, apple orchard, and uncultivated land in the AGRICULTURAL fields of Urmia University, Iran. Five replicate sequences of infiltration rate tests were conducted for each measurement set and land use. Soil texture at these sites was classified as clay. The study was conducted employing split plot in time experiment. Results of ANOVA showed that land use, time period, and their interaction had significant impact (at one per cent level) on K values (except at matric potential of -15 cm). At matric potential of -15 cm, the average K displayed significant variation (at five per cent level). Therefore, land use and time period showed the least impact on K15. Values of Gardner a had significant differences (at one per cent level) with respect to land use and time, but showed no significant difference (at five per cent level) with respect to their interaction. Results of this study showed that the initial soil moisture had an important role on the rate of temporal variation of soil k.

Introduction: The ethical dimensions of agriculture need to be explored, distinguishing between ethics in agriculture and ethics of agriculture. Ethics in agriculture is traditionally based on abstract moral theory, formulated through logical reasoning, but often found inadequate to address the complex ethical challenges within agriculture due to its abstract nature and lack of practical visibility. Conversely, ethics of agriculture is approached within a context-specific framework derived from the research topic with the aim of providing more tailored solutions. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the relevant literature is conducted, using a descriptive-analytical approach to provide a conceptual framework for understanding AGRICULTURAL ethics. Conclusion: The article highlights the critical need for a comprehensive ethical framework to address the multifaceted ethical challenges in the AGRICULTURAL sector. The importance of analyzing and resolving ethical dilemmas at all stages of agriculture is underscored in order to align practices with human ideals and to ensure ethical decision-making by stakeholders involved in agriculture.

The assessment of the ecological potential of the environment is to determine and measure the potential power and the natural use type of the land. Therefore, the environment power assessment is a tool for the management of geographical space and strategic planning for sustainable development and correct use of land sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of AGRICULTURAL and rangeland use in Kangavar city with an area of 883. 9 km2 using Makhdoom ecological model. To this end, the required data and ecological resources were collected and generated. After creating and combining the maps in the ArcGIS system in a multi-hybrid way, the maps of environmental units were constructed and the ecological potential of the area was evaluated using the features of each environmental unit. To do this, the indicators and variables that could be involved in each of these models were examined. To classify the ecological potential of the area for AGRICULTURAL and rangeland USES and to produce the map of different classes potential, 15 parameters were used as criteria for weighting and measuring the power. The results of Kangavar city ecological potential assessment led to the extraction of 58 environmental units in 7 classes with completely suitable, suitable, weak, and unsuitable power classes for AGRICULTURAL and rangeland use. An area of about 356. 79 Km2 was found to have suitable and completely suitable power for AGRICULTURAL use. In addition, it was estimated that an area of about 72. 23 Km2 would be appropriate for rangeland and rainfed AGRICULTURAL use with suitable power. An area of about 483. 26 Km2 of Kangavar city is currently allocated to AGRICULTURAL use, while the optimal area for this means is 356. 79 Km2. Thus, the land use of an area of about 126. 47 Km2 has been converted to AGRICULTURAL purposes. According to the results, the lands of the region have been exploited more than their potential for AGRICULTURAL use (irrigated and rainfed) and the lands with rangeland use have been changed to AGRICULTURAL use.

Background and Objective: Agriculture plays a major role in sustainable development. Optimizing land use allocation and achieving sustainable development is one of the main goals of AGRICULTURAL planners. The purpose of this study is to analyze the suitability of lands for AGRICULTURAL USES based on ecological criteria by integrating new techniques and technologies. Materials and Methods: The ecological criteria affecting AGRICULTURAL land suitability were selected based on references review and experts' opinions. Criteria maps were prepared using different methods with the help of geographical information system. Criteria and sub-criteria wieghting was performed by pairwise comparisons within analytical heirarchy process. The sub-criteria maps was combined using the linear-weighted combination method to evaluate the land suitability. Results: The results show that the most important criteria for assessing the ecological suitability of the study area for AGRICULTURAL USES are rainfall, temperature, water quantity and slope, respectively. The findings also show that most of the area (65%) is in the suitable class for AGRICULTURAL USES, but the ecological suitability and current land use are matched only at 71% of the study area. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the integration of spatial information system, hierarchical analysis, linear-weight combination and remote sensing as a framework and an efficient method in multi-criteria land suitability assessment for AGRICULTURAL USES towards sustainable development and is an important and useful regional guide for identifying suitable areas for development, planning and management of AGRICULTURAL USES.

Water quality management is a global important issue. In this study, the application of the Fuzzy Set Theory to evaluate groundwater quality for AGRICULTURAL purposes is shown. The Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Model gives the certainty levels for the acceptability of the AGRICULTURAL water based on the prescribed limit of various regulatory bodies’ quality classes. In this research, seven groundwater parameters including Sodium Absorption Ratio, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Solution Percent, Chloride, Sulphate, Sodium, and Bicarbonate, which are important for evaluation of groundwater quality for AGRICULTURAL purposes, were used. Therefore, the qualitative data of groundwater from 178 wells in the period 2009-2010 in Tehran province, Iran, were used. Based on the Fuzzy Water Quality Model, the groundwater quality was classified in three categories; desirable, acceptable and unacceptable. Results showed only 134 out of 178 Samples were in the desirable class with certainty level of 36.5 to 76.3 percent. About 38 samples were classified in the acceptable category whose certainty level ranged from 23.7 to 54.5 percent and the remaining 6 samples were in the unacceptable category with the maximum certainty level of 28.7 percent.

The assessment of the ecological potential of the environment is to determine and measure the potential power and the natural use type of the land. Therefore, the environment power assessment is a tool for the management of geographical space and strategic planning for sustainable development and correct use of land sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological potential of AGRICULTURAL and rangeland use in Kangavar city with an area of ​​883. 9 km2 using Makhdoom ecological model. To this end, the required data and ecological resources were collected and generated. After creating and combining the maps in the ArcGIS system in a multi-hybrid way, the maps of environmental units were constructed and the ecological potential of the area was evaluated using the features of each environmental unit. To do this, the indicators and variables that could be involved in each of these models were examined. To classify the ecological potential of the area for AGRICULTURAL and rangeland USES and to produce the map of different classes potential, 15 parameters were used as criteria for weighting and measuring the power. The results of Kangavar city ecological potential assessment led to the extraction of 58 environmental units in 7 classes with completely suitable, suitable, weak, and unsuitable power classes for AGRICULTURAL and rangeland use. An area of about 356. 79 Km2 was found to have suitable and completely suitable power for AGRICULTURAL use. In addition, it was estimated that an area of about 72. 23 Km2 would be appropriate for rangeland and rainfed AGRICULTURAL use with suitable power. An area of about 483. 26 Km2 of Kangavar city is currently allocated to AGRICULTURAL use, while the optimal area for this means is 356. 79 Km2. Thus, the land use of an area of about 126. 47 Km2 has been converted to AGRICULTURAL purposes. According to the results, the lands of the region have been exploited more than their potential for AGRICULTURAL use (irrigated and rainfed) and the lands with rangeland use have been changed to AGRICULTURAL use.

In Iran, urban development plans could not have a desire function and most of their goals were not achieved. This issue caused misuse from valuable land resource. Recently, land use change in AGRICULTURAL land use because of its added value and weakness of regional management in controlling land market have caused great changes in AGRICULTURAL land use. Because of construction of tourism-leisure complexes and some unplanned towns, this was happened vastly in case study of this research. The research tries to investigate feasibility of “Transfer of Development Rights”. This method is based on collection of ownership rights and the main idea includes separating development right of some AGRICULTURAL lands, open spaces or historic and ecologic sites and then selling these rights to owners or developers in appropriate developing regions. The results of this research shows that application of this method because of its financial benefits and also preventing land use change AGRICULTURAL parcels by considering proposed floor area ratio (FAR=%100) and proportion of development right to ownership right (%25 to %75) has a great positive impact on conservation of AGRICULTURAL parcels in Tonekabon county.

Agriculture sector has an important place in the economy of Kerman province. In this region the main source of water supply for agriculture is groundwater. The high rate of annual shortage in groundwater supplies is due to excessive pumping. With respect to this fact, economic valuation of water and considering the side effects of excessive pumping of groundwater supplies is extremely important.With the aim of studying the above mentioned matters, suitable production function was estimated; and on the base of this variation, economic value was calculated per unit of water.At the second stage of the research, the cost and social welfare functions were estimated; then the peripheral effects of excessive pumping were calculated, using social welfare function. Finally, by production function, the demand elasticity for input water was calculated. The findings indicated that the marginal production of wheat per unit of water was higher than the corresponding cost of pumping, and that excessive pumping of water would decrease in the social welfare rate of wheat farmers.The research concluded that increasing the pumping costs would not lead to any significant impact on the rate of extraction, so the best way to increase irrigation efficiency is to promote efficient irrigation methods.

Background: Every year, a significant amount of water is consumed worldwide and converted into wastewater. This wastewater can be reused by treating and transforming it into reliable and sustainable water resources for various purposes. The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of reusing the effluent from the Zanjan wastewater treatment plant for AGRICULTURAL and industrial USES in Group 4. Methods: In order to assess the quality of treated wastewater for AGRICULTURAL and Group 4 industrial purposes, various parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and coliforms were measured. The results were then compared to the guidelines in Iran, and the quality of the effluent was ultimately interpreted using the Wilcox diagram. Results: The findings showed that the treated wastewater met the required quality standards for both AGRICULTURAL and industrial Group 4 USES, with no restrictions for reuse. The wastewater was classified in the Wilcox diagram as C3S1, indicating moderate quality for AGRICULTURAL applications. Conclusion: The average parameters measured in the wastewater fall within the acceptable ranges for AGRICULTURAL irrigation and industrial use in Group 4. However, the utilization and reutilization of this wastewater necessitate careful planning and consideration of its environmental impacts. Through meticulous planning and effective wastewater management, substantial water resources can be accessed for industrial and AGRICULTURAL purposes without incurring extra costs.